第十五章 副词从句
一、副词从句核心定义
副词从句(Adverbial Clauses)是复句中充当副词使用的从属从句,由有意义的从属连接词(如 because、if、when 等)引导,功能是修饰主要从句中的动词、形容词或副词,属于可有可无的修飾语,删掉后不影响主要从句的句型完整性。
二、副词从句与名词从句的构造对比
副词从句与名词从句构造逻辑不同,核心差异在于连接词的使用和从句功能,具体对比如下:
1. 来自陈述句
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副词从句:加有意义的从属连接词(表原因、时间、条件等逻辑关系),如 because、although、when。
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示例:I believe that,because I have seen one.(because 引导副词从句,修饰 believe 的原因)
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名词从句:加无意义的连接词 that(仅表“那件事”)。
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示例:I believe that ghosts are real.(that 引导名词从句,作 believe 的宾语)
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2. 来自 Information Question(含疑问词)
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副词从句:疑问词前加 no matter,或疑问词后加-ever(表“不论”),拿掉问号、还原动词顺序。
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示例:
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疑问句:Where is the criminal hiding?
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副词从句:No matter where the criminal is hiding / Wherever the criminal is hiding
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复合句:Wherever the criminal is hiding, the police will get him.
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名词从句:直接用疑问词充当连接词,拿掉问号、还原动词顺序。
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示例:Where the criminal is hiding is a mystery.(名词从句作主词)
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3. 来自 Yes/No Question(无疑问词)
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副词从句:加 whether(表“不论”)或 no matter,拿掉问号、还原动词顺序。
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示例:
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疑问句:Is he still alive?
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副词从句:Whether he is still alive / No matter he is still alive
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复合句:Whether he is still alive, I won’t marry anyone else.
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名词从句:加 whether/if(表“是否”),拿掉问号、还原动词顺序。
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示例:Whether he is still alive is difficult to say.(名词从句作主词)
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三、副词从句的分类(按逻辑关系)
副词从句的核心是通过连接词表达逻辑关系,以下按常用类别整理:
1. 时间/地方
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常用连接词:when(当…时)、after(在…后)、until(直到)、where(在…地方)
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示例:
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时间:He became frugal after he got married.(after 引导,修饰 became 的时间)
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地方:A town grew where three roads met.(where 引导,修饰 grew 的地方)
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注意:未来时间的时间副词从句,用现在式代替未来式(如:I’ll wait until you return.)
2. 条件
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常用连接词:if(如果)、as long as(只要)、suppose(假如)
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示例:
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If he calls, I’ll give him the message.(if 引导,修饰 give 的条件)
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Suppose you were ill, where would you go?(suppose 引导,表假设条件)
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注意:条件副词从句中,未来时间用现在式代替未来式(如:If this plan works, I’ll give you a reward.)
3. 原因/结果
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常用连接词:because(因为)、as(既然)、so…that(如此…以致)、now that(既然)
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示例:
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原因:As there isn’t much time left, we call it a day.(as 引导,修饰 call 的原因)
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结果:He looked so sincere that his wife forgave him.(so…that 引导,修饰 sincere 的结果)
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4. 目的
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常用连接词:so that(为了)、in order that(为了)、lest(以免)、in case(万一)
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示例:
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She locked the drugs so that kids wouldn’t swallow them.(so that 引导,修饰 locked 的目的)
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Bring more money in case you need it.(in case 引导,表“以防”的目的)
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5. 让步
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常用连接词:although(虽然)、while(虽然)、wh-ever(=No matter wh-,不论)
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示例:
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Although you object, I must try.(although 引导,表转折让步)
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Whoever calls, I won’t answer.(whoever=No matter who,表“不论谁”)
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